In 75 years as independent countries, India and Pakistan have become more alike than seemed likely when they were born in mid-August 1947, a few hours apart.

Back then, India and Pakistan seemed like mirror images of each other, with their respective Hindu and Muslim majorities. Despite a shared back story, they had very different hopes for the future, but the gap between their aspirations has narrowed over the intervening decades.

Pakistan was founded as a homeland for South Asia's Muslims but, despite the efforts of a succession of leaders - as well as an Islamising military dictator - has remained an Islamic republic rather than a full-blown theocracy. Meanwhile, India, which started out as an inclusive, secular country, has steadily moved towards Hindu majoritarianism.

Now, faith drives politics in both of these nuclear-armed neighbours, and their dismal fraternal similarities are more obvious than before.

The growing likeness has struck others, not least Salman Rushdie, whose acclaimed allegorical novel 'Midnight's Children' (1981) centred on India and Pakistan's inextricably linked fates. At a seminar at Brown University in the US last November, Rushdie noted that in these past seven decades, neither country had fared well.

"I used to think that India had got things right to a degree that Pakistan had not," said Rushdie. "I find it hard to believe that any more - not because of the improvement of Pakistan, but because of the deterioration of India."

He has a point. The 2022 edition of the Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) - which compares transformation processes towards democracy in 137 countries - puts India in the category of "defective democracies" and Pakistan on the list of "hard-line autocracies".

Indeed, the fundamentals of Pakistan's democratic structure have remained dispiritingly unchanged for decades. Political success depends on support from the powerful military, with the generals serving as "both usurpers and law-givers", in the phrase of a Pakistani analyst.

Religious groups also enjoy considerable power, with BTI's Pakistan country report noting the importance of "powerful religious parties and political movements in Pakistan, with many of these assuming a more violent and extremist orientation in recent years".

India: Hindu nationalism and violence

India's "deterioration" (to use Rushdie's word) is starkly apparent eight years after the rise to power of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Narendra Modi. The party won a "crushing victory" in 2014 - the best result for a single party in 30 years. The BJP was re-elected by a landslide in 2019.

As in Pakistan, religious groups have grown in influence in India, especially the BJP's nationalist paramilitary progenitor, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), which celebrates its centenary in 2025.

The BTI 2022 country report on India says the RSS is expanding "its presence all over the country", with a possible membership of seven million and control of many other organisations including "India's largest trade union, the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh, with over ten million members, as well as 12,000 schools and nearly 1,000 NGOs".

Under Modi, a long-time RSS member, the BJP government has taken the back-to-back election wins as affirmation of its vision of an explicitly Hindu rashtra or nation state - even though this is totally at odds with the secular ideals laid out by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, and other independence leaders.

The BJP has moved fast. Promising to "cleanse" India of the pollution caused by Westernised ideas and to present "our Indian cultural heritage in a right way [sic]", it appointed scholars who emphasised the superiority of Hindu values to key positions. Hindu activists have assumed the role of 'moral police', prompting local media to warn that "Indian society may soon have its equivalent of the Taliban".

States governed by the BJP began to crack down heavily on the slaughter of cows, which are considered sacred by Hindus, and it is now illegal in at least 18 states. The campaign has triggered the appalling practice of the 'lynching' (mob killing) of anyone suspected of being engaged in the cattle trade or even possessing beef.

A 2019 Human Rights Watch report, 'Violent Cow Protection in India', said that "at least 44 people - 36 of them Muslims - were killed across 12 Indian states" since May 2015.

Such attacks often target Muslim, Dalit and Indigenous communities, the report said, with police stalling investigations and several elected BJP officials defending the violence. Just weeks ago, the killing of two tribal men in the central state of Madhya Pradesh had a senior police officer explaining that "12kg of meat was found in the house of the deceased".

Interfaith marriages and citizenship rules

Several BJP-ruled states have also passed laws to criminalise conversion for interfaith marriages. The first to do so was Uttar Pradesh (UP), India's most populous state, which is led by a hardline Hindu monk, Yogi Adityanath. Colloquially known as the 'love jihad' laws, they make religious conversion punishable by up to ten years in prison.

Critics say the laws create a "situation of communal apartheid" and embolden Hindu vigilante groups to halt interfaith marriages. But converting to Hinduism - variously defined as the "ancestral religion" or ghar wapsi ('coming home') - is exempt in the BJP-governed states of Uttarakhand and Madhya Pradesh.

This prompted a leading Indian columnist to note that the country's laws were becoming more "regressive instead of progressive".

But the most decisive indicators of India's direction of travel may be a piece of national legislation, and a national trend that involves bulldozers.

In December 2019, parliament passed the Citizenship Amendment Act, which granted persecuted minorities in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan fast-track naturalisation - so long as they weren't Muslim.

It was the first time in independent India's history that religious faith explicitly became a criterion for citizenship and it set off alarms both in India and abroad. A spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights described the legislation as "fundamentally discriminatory in nature".

Meanwhile, UP's Adityanath, popularly known as "Bulldozer Baba", set off a fashion across the country. In BJP-controlled states, the authorities literally bulldoze the homes of Muslims accused of crimes before the judicial process can take its course.

Gautam Bhatia, an expert on Indian constitutional law, estimates that the turnaround time between police identification of alleged troublemakers, municipal notification that their homes are "illegal" and actual demolition, "is under 24 hours". Tweeting an image of a bulldozer next to the Indian constitution, opposition Congress Party leader Rahul Gandhi said the Indian state was engaged in the "demolition of India's constitutional values".

Pakistan: persecution of religious minorities

In Pakistan - which literally means 'land of the pure' - the state has consistently relied on Islam as a legitimising ideology. Little has changed in 75 years.

The 1973 constitution, which the country follows today, defined Pakistan as an Islamic republic whose laws must be enacted in accordance with the Sharia (Islamic law). Non-Muslims are not allowed to become president or prime minister.

A 1974 constitutional amendment, prompted by demands from religious groups, declared members of the Ahmadi sect to be non-Muslims, which has resulted in their ongoing persecution and political marginalisation.

The vast majority (up to 90%) of Pakistan's Muslims are Sunni. The country's blasphemy laws - which say that blasphemy against Islam is punishable by death - are increasingly used against Muslim minorities such as Ahmadis and Shias.

UN human rights experts called for the protection of minorities after a slew of extra-judicial killings in 2014 of alleged blasphemers by religious extremists. In 2020, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (an independent non-profit) expressed grave concern at the "surge in blasphemy cases being registered against sectarian and religious minorities".

The consequences of being accused of blasphemy, as the NGO International Commission of Jurists said in a 2015 report, are often "persecution" and vigilante justice "before the legal system kicks in".

This suggests a striking similarity to the situation across the border in India, where 'cow lynchings' are common and bulldozers deployed at will.

That said, India, which has had several Muslim presidents, can at least claim it does not prevent religious minorities from holding high office. But then in India, unlike Pakistan, the president is only a figurehead, someone with no real authority. Like the word 'secular' in the Indian constitution, a Muslim president in India may be increasingly seen as symbolically significant rather than defining the nation.

As for Pakistan, it has hardly ever pretended to have secular aspirations. Before independence day, 14 August 1947, Pakistan's founder, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, made a brief attempt to encourage inclusiveness. He exhorted citizens of his new country: "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place or worship in this State of Pakistan."

Clearly, that message didn't have a lasting effect on Pakistan, and now, it seems, India too is having trouble keeping time to the secular mantra that accompanied its birth.

From openDemocracy