This week, thousands of activists, politicians and scientists have arrived in Brazil for COP30, the annual climate summit. As global temperatures rise, and the world experiences flash flooding, the pressure is on for world leaders in Belém to forge a unified plan to stop the climate crisis.

But while most of COP will rightly focus on the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on global warming, a new issue is emerging that has, as yet, been overlooked: the mining of critical minerals that are key to the green transition.

A decade after the Paris Agreement, the world's shift away from fossil fuels has triggered a new global race; this time, for the critical minerals that underpin renewable technologies. From electric vehicles to wind turbines, minerals such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium are essential to manufacturing these technologies. But unless mineral extraction is governed in line with climate, environmental and human rights goals, the so-called 'green' transition risks deepening inequality, driving deforestation, and undermining the very climate objectives it seeks to achieve.

Around the world, communities, the environment and our climate are already paying the price of our demand for 'clean' energy. In the high Andean salt flats of Argentina, Indigenous communities have seen their water supplies depleted by lithium brine extraction. In Indonesia, expanding nickel mines threaten fragile forests that store vast amounts of carbon. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, children as young as five work in extremely dangerous conditions in cobalt pits that have displaced entire communities and contaminated local water sources. These are not isolated stories; they are symptoms of a system that is based on extractivist practices.

That is why civil society is calling for a new tool, the Belem Action Mechanism, to be proposed under the UN's Just Transition Work Programme. The 'BAM' would unite Just Transition efforts, coordinating them and turning them into real action. But it must not become another symbolic gesture. It should serve as a global accountability framework - linking governments, companies, and civil society to monitor how transition minerals are sourced, traded, and used. This mechanism should help countries design national plans for responsible mineral production and processing, incorporating emissions targets, human rights, and environmental safeguards into every stage of the supply chain.

But accountability must also be forward-looking. Brazil has suggested that this COP will move us away from 'negotiation' and into 'implementation'. A proposed roadmap should look not just at how minerals are mined, but also how they are recycled, shared, and substituted. Investing in circular economy models, strengthening transparency, and the previously promised transfer of technology to lower-income countries are essential steps. Without this, the transition risks entrenching the same global inequalities that defined the fossil fuel age.

We will achieve true decarbonisation only if the world agrees on pathways for responsible mineral use; pathways that ensure there is enough to go around, that resource-rich countries can reach their own electrification goals, that protect the rights of those living closest to extraction sites, that prevent new and excessive CO2 emissions, and the destruction of fragile ecosystems like the Amazon itself.

This is a story about avoiding the mistakes of the fossil fuel era, ensuring the clean energy revolution doesn't repeat the same extractive injustices that got us here. As COP30 convenes in the heart of the Amazon, there is no better moment to connect climate ambition with the justice and governance needed to make it real.

From openDemocracy